vector for shifting Kazakhstan’s

Over the medium term, the agenda must expand from mitigation to structural repositioning. The most consequential move would be to co-develop a scalable Trans-Caspian energy corridor via a sub-sea pipeline or expanded maritime capacity. This would require significant capital investment and multilateral diplomacy, but it offers the only realistic vector for shifting Kazakhstan’s energy flows away from Russian territory. Domestically, investment in refining and storage infrastructure would reduce Kazakhstan’s reliance on pipeline-based crude exports. Such an investment would enable more flexible trade in processed fuels, and it would also support industrial development. ดูหนังออนไลน์